Exploring the Challenges and Opportunities of Implementing Biophilic Design in Built Environments

Over the past decade, the concept of “nature” and biophilic design has received widespread attention in the field of architecture, particularly in response to increasing environmental challenges. However, questions and ongoing debates remain regarding how “nature” is conceptualized and addressed in both practice and research. This study conducts a literature review to discuss biophilic design as a theoretical framework for interpreting “nature” in architecture. It aims to answer the following questions: (1) How did the concept of biophilic design emerge, and how can it be defined? (2) How can biophilic design contribute to the goals of sustainable architecture? (3) What are the main design strategies associated with biophilic design?. This paper identifies and compares the primary frameworks of biophilic design and explains its core elements. It then analyzes the benefits of biophilic design—such as enhancing health, well-being, productivity, biodiversity, and circularity—in promoting human and ecological wellness. The study seeks to highlight the challenges, opportunities, and research gaps related to applying biophilic design in interior spaces, with a focus on foundational concepts and architectural case studies that demonstrate the impact of this approach on quality of life. Findings suggest that biophilic design is far more complex and rich than merely incorporating vegetation into buildings; it expands the scope of diversity by encompassing different types of nature—ranging from physical, sensory, metaphorical, and formal, to spiritual dimensions. Moreover, knowledge gaps are identified to encourage future research and critical reflections on biophilic design practices.